Comparison of <strong>BASIC</strong> Keywords Between ZX Spectrum and Other Microcomputers Most microcomputers of the 1970s and 1980s incorporated <strong>BASIC</strong> within their operating systems. On these computers <strong>BASIC</strong> was not just a programming language and interpreter, but also a Disk/Tape operating system, Command Line Interpreter, and Editor. There was also a ...
... as a result of the British Broadcasting Corporation's Computer Literacy Project. It has a very structured version of <strong>BASIC</strong> called BBC <strong>BASIC</strong> which includes named procedures, REPEAT...UNTIL structure, multi-line functions and long name variables.The Acorn Electron, also released by Acorn Computers, was released in 1983 to compete with ...
... a completely different instruction set and registers to the Z80 used by the Spectrum so any machine code used within a <strong>BASIC</strong> program will have to be rewritten.Both the Dragon & TRS micros use a different version of <strong>BASIC</strong> to the ZX Spectrum. The Dragon 32 & 64 use a version of Microsoft <strong>BASIC</strong> called Microsoft Extended <strong>BASIC</strong>, the TRS-80 ...
... microcomputer and the ZX Spectrum.Released in 1980, two years before the Spectrum, the Acorn Atom used a version of <strong>BASIC</strong> based on an earlier computer built by Acorn called the System 3. Atom <strong>BASIC</strong> is quite different to Sinclair <strong>BASIC</strong>, for instance, semi-colons are used to separate statements instead of the colons used on the ZX ...
Comparison of ZX Spectrum <strong>BASIC</strong> with Oric 1 and Oric Atmos Extended <strong>BASIC</strong> Overview The following is a list of keywords, operators and delimiters used on the Oric 1 & Oric Atmos computers and the ZX Spectrum.The Oric 1 was produced by Tangerine Computer Sysems and released in 1982, just months after the launch of the ZX Spectrum. With its ...
Comparison of ZX Spectrum <strong>BASIC</strong> and Camputers Lynx <strong>BASIC</strong> Overview The following is a list of keywords, operators and delimiters used on the Camputers Lynx microcomputer and the ZX Spectrum.Released in 1983, the Camputers Lynx shared features with many of the microcomputers around at the time. Among the features to be found on the Lynx ...
... list of keywords, operators and delimiters used on the QL and ZX Spectrum. The Sinclair QL uses a different version of <strong>BASIC</strong> to the ZX Spectrum called Super<strong>BASIC</strong>.It resembles Sinclair <strong>BASIC</strong> in many ways and shares many keywords. There are differences however, for one the display is of a higher resolution so many of the graphics ...
ZX Spectrum <strong>BASIC</strong> Keywords and Commands Reference All the Sinclair machines share many common keywords, most of these are similar but there are also many differences and peculiarities such as non-standard spelling between platforms. Take the Spectrum RANDOMIZE for example, on the ZX80 this was originally spelled in British-English as ...
... arithmetic. This can make complex mathematics like trigonomety a bit tricky. Programs running under integer based <strong>BASIC</strong> may run faster than those running under floating-point <strong>BASIC</strong>, so the ZX80 may actually run some programs faster than the ZX Spectrum.On the ZX Spectrum and ZX81 a single keyword entry system is used when entering ...
Comparison of <strong>BASIC</strong> Keywords Between ZX Spectrum and the Commodore 64 Overview The following is a list of keywords, operators and delimiters used on the Commodore 64 computer and the ZX Spectrum.The Commodore 64 was released in 1982, the same year as the ZX Spectrum, and outside of the United Kingdom, was the world's best selling home ...
... have not been included as these are totally exclusive to the ZX Spectrum and cannot be easily translated to ZX81 <strong>BASIC</strong>. I have not included the ZX80 in this list as this micro has a few differences which make comparisons difficult in a list like this (no floating-point arithmetic - integer only, DIM base of 0 instead of 1). ...
... program.VAL$ is explained in the user manual alongside the function VAL and in fact both functions are handled by the <strong>BASIC</strong> interpreter through the same ROM routine - a calculator subroutine at address 35DEh (13790 decimal). Therefore, to understand VAL$ we can first see how the VAL function works. The VAL Function Simply, VAL takes a ...
... instance, a division by zero can be avoided by checking that the denominator in a division is not zero.Many extended <strong>BASIC</strong>'s for the Spectrum contain error trapping, for example BETA <strong>BASIC</strong>. SOUND SOUND m,n [;...]Where m is the register and n is the value to be placed in that register.Result : Sends instructions to the sound chip's ...
... (tabs, line feeds, etc.) are replaced by spaces. This command can only sensibly be used to inspect ASCII files (though <strong>BASIC</strong> programs will be displayed, albeit without the correct formatting). COPY u TO LPRINT (+3, +2A and +2B only)Result : The contents of the named disk file are sent to the printer. No character translations are ...
... This list uses the same letters to represent variables, expressions and sequences etc. as the ZX81 and ZX Spectrum <strong>BASIC</strong> manuals. α,β represents a single letter v represents a variable x,y,z represents numerical expressions m,n represents numerical expressions rounded to the nearest integer b represents a 16 bit binary number e ...
A summary of YS Mega<strong>Basic</strong> keywords Overview YS Mega<strong>Basic</strong> (or sometimes just Mega<strong>Basic</strong>) is a ZX Spectrum <strong>BASIC</strong> interpreter extension. It was coded by author Mike Leaman and published by Sportscene Specialist Press through Your Spectrum magazine in 1984. It was available through mail order at a price of £9.95. Thirty five new keywords ...
... It doubled the memory of the 48K Spectrum, added a much more capable sound chip, introduced a new version of Sinclair <strong>BASIC</strong> and provided a number of facilities designed to make practical use of the additional memory. Although the machine retained the familiar Spectrum architecture and remained compatible with the enormous existing ...
... priced at £125, and the 48K model, priced at £175. The machines were externally identical and used the same <strong>basic</strong> hardware design, with the principal difference being the amount of RAM fitted. Sinclair also offered a 16K-to-48K upgrade for owners who wanted more memory. Contemporary pricing put the upgrade at around £60, ...
... mains on/off switch. Although the new case looked considerably more substantial, Sinclair had not abandoned the <strong>basic</strong> Spectrum design. The computer remained a 48K Spectrum in terms of its principal capabilities, with the changes concentrated largely on the physical design and keyboard. The new keyboard The most obvious ...
... Pitch Play BEEP Stop Ready Frequency: 440 Hz Try an Example BEEP 1, 0 BEEP 1, 10 BEEP 1, -10 BEEP 0.25, 20 BBC <strong>BASIC</strong> SOUND to ZX Spectrum BEEP The Standard ZX Spectrum cannot select the BBC sound channel or control the volume. Therefore the equivalent BBC <strong>BASIC</strong> statement is treated as: SOUND 1,15,p,d Enter the BBC <strong>BASIC</strong> pitch ...
... cassette recorder, making it a much more complete home-computer system. The +2 retained the Z80 processor and the <strong>basic</strong> architecture of the 128K Spectrum, including its 128K of RAM and AY-3-8912 sound chip, while replacing the separate external cassette recorder with an integrated unit. The new case also provided a substantially ...
... Create individual 8×8 UDGs or larger graphics made from multiple UDGs, then generate the data needed for Sinclair <strong>BASIC</strong>. Spectrum Model: 48K 128K Grid Size: 8 × 8 8 × 16 8 × 24 16 × 8 16 × 16 16 × 24 24 × 8 24 × 16 24 × 24 Clear Invert Flip Horizontal Flip Vertical Mirror Horizontal Mirror Vertical Rotate 90° Clockwise ...
... Cables International Programmable Joystick Interface Programmable joystick interface. Interface in programmed using a <strong>BASIC</strong> program loaded from cassette. Accepts Atari-style joystick. £15.00*32 dk'tronics Programmable Programmable with full width through port. Programming cassette supplied. 17 directional movement. Microdrive ...
... It also has a floppy disc controller interface which boots the operating system into 16K of memory which shadows the <strong>BASIC</strong> ROM. The operating system supports <strong>basic</strong> commands such as LOAD, SAVE, MERGE, ERASE, CAT, OPEN and CLOSE.Gordon Microframe advert from Your Spectrum magazine, May 1985 £149.50*6 *Inclusive of VAT @ 15% (plus p&p @ ...
... A ROM cartridge containing 12K of fig-FORTH, RS232 interface via an 8251, and 24 bits of parallel I/O via an 8255.The <strong>BASIC</strong> ROM is switched out and replaced by the Forth ROM. Features a Z80 assembler for machine code FORTH definitions; a built-in terminal to support a modem and allow access to bulletin-board systems; a machine code ...
... programming, hardware and history. The site grew from my own interest in researching the Spectrum, particularly its <strong>BASIC</strong> programming language and the many details that are often overlooked or only briefly explained in the original documentation. Over time, this research developed into a collection of articles, experiments and ...
... System Variables 128K Paging / System Area Contended RAM Uncontended RAM Unavailable – No Physical RAM Dynamic Areas <strong>BASIC</strong> Program Variables Character Set – 768 bytes UDGs Calculator Stack E-LINE Dynamic areas are overlays showing where the Spectrum's system variables indicate that areas of memory are being used. In 128K mode, the ...
... key.Compatible with ZX Interface 1.Extender cable for ZX Interface 2 was available at £2.50. £59.95*4£39.95* (<strong>basic</strong> keyboard only)4*VAT and p&p inclusive Cheetah 68FX1 by London Microtech Ltd Full size with numeric keypad. ZX Interfaces 1 and 2 fit without modification. £59.955 Fox 68FX2 Full size space-bar. Individual ...
... Trichord 6134 X 3 note chords (48K ZX Spectrum), pre-programmed PROM has a range of sound effects accessed with 2 <strong>BASIC</strong> instructions, ordinary music notation used (A to G), range of more than 8 octaves, key signature applied throughout.Originally presented as a project in Electronics Today International (ETI) (April/May 1983)Also ...
... £69.95*9* excludes V.A.T. @ 15% Speak Easyby Belvedere Electronics Uses no memory addresses. Directly accessible from <strong>BASIC</strong>. Allophone system for unlimited vocabulary. Volume control for internal speaker. Full documentation and demonstration tape supplied. £24.95*10*price fully inclusive TS 2000 SS1 Speech Synthesizerfrom Computer ...